> ...it is simultaneously claimed that targeted ads are so powerful that they are single-handedly responsible for every right-wing political victory in the past few years
Not surely so. There's the argument[0] that political misinformation is:
* Weak in high profile partisan races because pre-existing beliefs hardly change
* Strong when people don't have string pre-existing opinions, e.g. misinformation about voter ID laws causing people to stay home from the polls
I think targeting work best on people at the margins. There was also some good discussion this week on HN on the effectiveness of digital advertising[1]
There are probably more problems about advertisement effectiveness than bots cheating the system. This article from The Correspondent was on the frontpage a few years back and I think about it a lot: https://thecorrespondent.com/100/the-new-dot-com-bubble-is-h... HN: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21465873